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York U | Culture

Bilingual Brains, Better Brains? The Science Behind Multilingualism

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Kailyn Hanlon Jackson Student Contributor, York University
This article is written by a student writer from the Her Campus at York U chapter and does not reflect the views of Her Campus.

introduction

In today’s increasingly globalized world, being multilingual is not just an academic interest; it is a valuable cognitive asset with significant implications. Research in neurolinguistics consistently shows that individuals who speak multiple languages demonstrate superior cognitive flexibility, improved problem-solving skills, and a delayed onset of neurodegenerative diseases. However, how does the multilingual brain operate differently? Is there empirical evidence to support the claim that bilingual brains are, in fact, more effective?

The Cognitive Superiority of the Multilingual

Multilingual individuals frequently engage in cognitive juggling, effortlessly switching between languages. This ongoing linguistic modulation enhances the brain’s executive control system, particularly in the prefrontal cortex. A key study by Bialystok et al. (2012) found that bilinguals outperform monolinguals in tasks that require attentional control, cognitive flexibility, and working memory. 

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Additionally, multilingualism strengthens the brain’s neural plasticity, allowing it to reorganize and adapt in response to new stimuli. Research from the University of Edinburgh indicates that bilingual individuals have a greater density of gray matter in areas linked to executive function, which is associated with improved cognitive resilience (Perani & Abutalebi, 2015).

Bilingualism as a Defence Against Cognitive Decline

One of the most notable benefits of being multilingual is its protective effect against neurodegenerative disorders. Numerous longitudinal studies have shown that bilingual individuals develop Alzheimer’s disease, on average, four to five years later than those who are monolingual (Craik, Bialystok, & Freedman, 2010). The brain’s capacity to manage multiple languages simultaneously enhances cognitive reserves, helping to delay the onset of dementia. 

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Additionally, studies using functional MRI scans have demonstrated that bilinguals exhibit increased connectivity between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex regions, which are crucial for attention control and conflict resolution (Abutalebi et al., 2013). These findings support the idea that multilingualism offers long-term cognitive benefits.

Challenges & Myths: Does Bilingualism Impair Cognitive Development?

Although there are some advantages to early bilingual exposure, critics argue that it may impede proficiency in either language due to cognitive overload. However, empirical research counters this claim. A comprehensive meta-analysis by Kroll et al. (2015) found no evidence that bilingualism hinders language acquisition; instead, it promotes metalinguistic awareness and enhances the ability to reflect on and manipulate linguistic structures across languages. 

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Furthermore, concerns about “language interference” have largely been dismissed. While bilingual individuals may occasionally experience brief delays in recalling words, these moments are outweighed by the cognitive control benefits that multilingualism provides.

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Conclusion

The evidence is clear that multilingualism is not solely a linguistic skill, as it can significantly enhance cognitive function. Bilingualism can lead to sharper executive function, greater psychological flexibility, and delayed neurodegeneration. In our interconnected world, fostering linguistic diversity is a cultural and scientific imperative, enriching our minds and communities in transformative ways.

Scholarly Sources 

  1. Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I., & Luk, G. (2012). Bilingualism: Consequences for Mind and Brain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(4), 240–250. DOI Link
  2. Perani, D., & Abutalebi, J. (2015). Bilingualism, Dementia, and the Brain. Cortex, 73, 312–324. DOI Link
  3. Craik, F. I., Bialystok, E., & Freedman, M. (2010). Delaying the Onset of Alzheimer Disease: Bilingualism as a Form of Cognitive Reserve. Neurology, 75(19), 1726–1729. DOI Link
  4. Abutalebi, J., Canini, M., Della Rosa, P. A., Green, D. W., & Weekes, B. S. (2013). The Neuroprotective Effects of Bilingualism: A Structural Neuroimaging Study. NeuroImage, 67, 1–9. DOI Link
  5. Kroll, J. F., Dussias, P. E., Bogulski, C. A., & Valdés Kroff, J. R. (2015). Juggling Two Languages in One Mind: What Bilinguals Tell Us About Language Processing and Its Consequences for Cognition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(40), 12267–12272. DOI Link
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Kailyn Hanlon Jackson

York U '26

Kailyn Hanlon Jackson is a part-time writer for Her Campus at York University, where she passionately delves into topics that intertwine with her academic pursuits, timeless elegance, and modern sensibilities. Her deep love for poetry and creative expression shines through her diverse body of work, seamlessly bridging the realms of creativity and academia.

Beyond her contributions to Her Campus, Kailyn serves as the CEO of Elegant Ladies by Kaitlyn Without the T, a brand dedicated to designing timeless accessories for the modern, elegant woman and refined gentleman. Additionally, she is the founder and president of the York Poetry Society, which provides a vibrant platform for artistic expression and literary exploration on campus.

Kailyn’s creative talents were recognized early in her academic journey. In her first year, the Japanese Canadian Cultural Centre showcased her podcast video on Japanese Canadians during their Nostalgia Night in August 2023. Her work was later featured on YouTube by York University's Anthropology Department, cementing her reputation as a dedicated and innovative contributor to her field.

Kailyn’s leadership extends across a wide range of campus organizations. She began her leadership journey in her first year as Treasurer of the Anthropology Student Association and subsequently rose to Vice President of the association in her second year. She has also held roles as VP of Finance for the Criminology Society and Student Success & Engagement Coordinator for the Women in Law Association. Currently in her third year, Kailyn balances several prestigious roles, including founder and president of the York Poetry Society, co-president of the Mock Trial Association, News Channel Host/Director for Nexus of Advocacy, and third-year representative for the Latin American Law Association.

Academically, Kailyn is pursuing an honours double major in Criminology and Anthropology, with additional certificates in German Language and Medical Anthropology. In her free time, she leads an active lifestyle, enjoying golf, Pilates, tennis, and ballet. Her musical tastes include Flamenco and Classical genres, with artists such as Arelys Henao, Rosalía, and Lana Del Rey holding special significance for her.